GET THE APP

International Research Journals

International Research Journal of Plant Science

All submissions of the EM system will be redirected to Online Manuscript Submission System. Authors are requested to submit articles directly to Online Manuscript Submission System of respective journal.

Research Article - International Research Journal of Plant Science ( 2021) Volume 12, Issue 4

Estimation of proteins profile by gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) in citrullus colocynthis (Linn.) schrad. in vivo and in vitro

Dr. Mahesh Chand Meena*
 
Assistant Professor, Department of Botany, SPNKS Govt. PG College, Dausa (Rajasthan), India
 
*Corresponding Author:
Dr. Mahesh Chand Meena, Assistant Professor, Department of Botany, SPNKS Govt. PG College, India, Email: meenamc81@gmail.com

, DOI: http:/dx.doi.org/10.14303/irjps.2021.21

Abstract

Proteins form the class of biological macromolecules that have the most well defined physico-chemical properties and consequently they are easier to isolate and characterize than nucleic acids. Gel electrophoresis is a useful tool for characterizations of plant proteins. The recognitions of protein using electrophoresis is necessary and valuable for taxonomic studies in plants, animals, microorganisms and the viroids. Differential banding pattern for protein in Citrullus Colocynthis (Linn.) Schrad. in all in vivo (leaf, stem, fruit and root) and in vitro (callus and differentiating callus) samples was observed. In vivo samples (leaf, stem, fruit and root) showed three bands while in vitro (callus and differentiating callus) samples showed five bands. Variation in intensity of protein bands was also observed in all samples. Fruit and in vitro samples showed more intense banding pattern. Rm value of first upper band showed marginal variation in all samples (leaf, stem, fruit, root, callus and differentiating callus).

Keywords

Protein, Gel Electrophoresis, Citrtullus Colocynthis, in vivo, in vitro, Rm value.

Introduction

Proteins are macromolecular because of their very high molecular weight. These are the polymers, i.e. chain like molecules produced by joining a number of small units of amino acids called monomers. The amino acids are therefore, regarded as “building blocks of proteins”.

image

R is the functional group of the amino acid

Each amino acid is a nitrogenous compound having both an acidic carboxyl (-COOH) and a basic amino (-NH2) group. R can be as simple as a hydrogen atom (H) or a methyl group (-CH3) or a more complex structure. Among 1.5 million species of living organisms, there are probably 1010 to 1012 different kinds of protein molecules and about 1010 different kinds of nucleic acids.

Proteins are most abundant intracellular macromolecules and constitute over half the dry weight of most organisms. Proteins occupy a central position in the architecture and functioning of living matter. They are intimately connected with all phases of chemical and physical activity, that constitute the life of the cell.

Gel electrophoresis is a useful tool for characterizations of plant proteins. The recognitions of protein using electrophoresis is necessary and valuable for taxonomic studies in plants, animals, microorganisms and the viroids (Van den Berg, 2002, Arrel & Kalman, 2016).

Almost all analytical electrophoresis of proteins are carried out in polyacrylamide gels under conditions that ensure dissociation of proteins into their individual polypeptides subunits and that minimize aggregation. Polyacrylamide gels are formed by polymerizing acrylamide with a cross linking agent in the presence of a catalyst (persulphate ion) and a chain initiator, TEMED (N´, N´, N´, N´-Tetramethyl ethylene diamine).

SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis is carried out with a discontinuous buffer system in which the buffer in the reservoirs is of a pH and ionic strength different from that of the buffer is used to cast the gel. SDS is an anionic detergent, which binds strongly to denature proteins. At pH 7.0 in the presence of 1% w/v SDS and 0.2 ml mercaptoethanol, proteins dissociate into their sub units and bind to large quantities of the detergent. The number of SDS molecules bound to a polypeptide chain is approximately half the number of amino acid residues in that chain. When electrophoresis is performed in a gel, the mobility depends on the size of the molecule and on its net charge. Small highly charged molecules move faster than large, less charged ones. Generally, the mobility of the proteins in the presence of SDS is a linear function of the logarithm of the apparent molecular weight.

SDS PAGE recovers hydrophobic proteins and is an important pre requisite for proteome analysis but is not compatible with analysis of proteins in native state (Heinemeyer et al., 2007). According to Chevalier (2007) staining of gel constitutes a crucial step in comparative protein analysis. Gel electrophoresis can directly equate variations in protein banding pattern to genes coding various proteins (Gottlieb, 1971).

Gel electrophoresis has shown that many isozymes and polymorphic proteins are widely distributed in plants (Cherry & Ory, 1972) and the protein polymorphism signals the existence of allelism (Goodenough, 1978). This technique has been widely used to study the protein diversity in many plant species i.e. Lathyrus sativus (Alba et al., 2001); Brachiaria species (Neto et al., 2002); Pasteurella multocida (Tomer et al., 2002); Solanum tuberosum (Batra et al., 2003); Trichosanthes cucumerina var. anguina (Azeez & Morakinyo, 2004); Triticum aestivum (Stoddard and Marshall, 2005); Commiphora wightii (Soni, 2005); Glycine max (Xu et al., 2006); Oryza sativam (Nozu et al., 2006) and Arabidopsis sps. (Schlesier & Mock, 2006).

Variation in protein is also considered as an important biochemical event during growth and differentiation of cells (Hasegawa et al., 1979). There are several other evidences showing that protein synthesis occurs during tissue culture (Sardana, 1998; Audichya, 1999; Singh, 2004; Sharma, 2006).

In the present study, an attempt was made for quantitative estimation of protein and to determine the protein pattern profile in vivo (leaf, stem, fruit and root) and in vitro (differentiating and non-differentiating callus) tissues of Citrullus colocynthis by the use of spectrophotometric and electrophoretic techniques respectively.

Materials and Methods

SDS is an anionic detergent, which binds strongly to and denatures proteins. The number of SDS molecules bound to a polypeptide chain is approximately half the number of amino acid residues in that chain. The protein SDS-complex carries net negative charge, hence moves towards the anode and the separation is based on the size of protein. Proteins were separated by sodium dodecyl sulphatepolyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (Laemmli, 1970).

Reagents for SDS-PAGE

Preparation of reagents used in separating and stacking gel solutions

Solution A: 30 gm acrylamide + 0.8 gm N´,N´ methylene bisacrylamide dissolved in 100 ml of distilled water (stored at 4°C).

Solution B: 1.5 M Tris-HCl buffer (pH 8.8) 18.141 gm Tris (Tris hydroxy methyl aminomethane) dissolved in 50 ml of distilled water adjusted to pH 8.8 by concentrated HCl, volume made finally to 100 ml by adding distilled water.

Solution C: 10% SDS 10 gm SDS dissolved in 100 ml distilled water.

Solution D: 10% APS (Ammonium persulphate) 10 gm APS dissolved in 100 ml of distilled water (prepared fresh).

Solution E: Stock TEMED (N´,N´,N´,N´,-Tetramethyl ethylene diamine)

Solution F: 30 gm acrylamide + 1.6 gm N´, N´-methylene bisacrylamide Dissolved in 100 ml of distilled water

Solution G: 0.5 M Tris-HCl buffer 6.027 gm Tris-HCl in 50 ml of distilled water and pH (6.8) adjusted by distilled water concentrated HCl and volume made by adding distilled water up to 100 ml

Solution H: Electrode buffer pH (8.3) 3.025 gm Tris (Tris hydroxy methyl amino methane), 14.4 gm glycine and 1.0 gm SDS (Sodium dodecyl sulphate) Dissolved in one litre of distilled water (pH 8.3)

(This buffer was diluted when used).

Preparation of gel

Running gel was prepared by mixing the solutions in following ratio Table 1.

Table 1: Running gel (10%).

Solutions Volume (ml)
Distilled water 12.1 ml
Solution-A 10.0 ml
Solution-B 7.5 ml
Solution-C 0.3 ml
Solution-D 0.1 ml
Solution-E 0.01 ml

The mixture was de-aerated before adding solution E (TEMED). The gel was caste in a manner as described above.

Stacking gel was prepared by mixing the solutions in following ratio Table 2.

Table 2: Stacking gel (4.5%).

Solutions Volume (ml)
Distilled water 5.8 ml
Solution-C 0.1 ml
Solution-D 0.1 ml
Solution-E 0.005 ml
Solution-F 1.5 ml
Solution-G 2.5 ml

The mixture was poured over the running gel.

Preparation of protein sample for SDS-PAGE

Plant material (1 gm)

homogenized in 1 ml of 0.1 M phosphate buffer (pH 7.0 )

Centrifuged at 10,000 rpm for 20 minutes

Supernatant was collected

2.0 ml of supernatant was mixed with 2.0 ml of sample buffer

The mixture was boiled at 100°C for 3 minutes

Then cooled and centrifuged at 10,000 rpm for 10 minutes

Supernatant loaded on to gel

Preparation of sample buffer

2.0 ml of Glycerol + 2.0 ml of 0.5 N Tris (6.8 pH) + 0.1 ml of 20% SDS + 0.2 ml mercaptoethanol + 0.4 ml of 0.05% bromophenol blue (0.05 gm dissolve in 100 ml d.w.) + 2.4 ml of distilled water.

Protein visulalization (Staining and destaining)

The composition of the staining and destaining solution were adopted from Weber and Osborn (1969), except the methanol was omitted from destaining solution.

Preparation of Staining solution

0.25 gm Comassie Brilliant Blue R-50 (Sigma)

Dissolved in 43.0 ml of distilled water

50 ml methanol added + 7 ml of glacial acetic acid

Total volume was made up to 100 ml

Preparation of destaining solution: (7%) glacial acetic acid)

7 ml of glacial acetic acid + 93 ml distilled water

Procedure

(A) Pouring of the separating gel

1. The glass plate sandwich was fixed using two clean 0.75 mm spacers.

2. The sandwich was locked to the casting stand and sealed edges with agar.

3. Using the pasteur pipette, the separating gel solution was applied to the sandwich along an edge of one of the spacers.

4. Gel was polymerized in 30-60 minutes at room temperature

(B) Pouring of the stacking gel

1. After polymerization of separating gel pre-prepared stacking gel solution was poured into the centre of the sandwich.

2. Teflon comb (0.75 mm) was immediately inserted into the layer of stacking gel solution.

3. Stacking gel solution was polymerized for 1-2 hours at room temperature.

(C) Loading of the sample

1. After polymerization of stacking gel solution, comb was removed carefully.

2. The gel plate was assembled in the electrophoresis apparatus.

3. Electrode buffer was diluted before adding to the top and bottom reservoirs.

4. The samples (50-100 🕴l) were loaded with microsyringe.

(D) Running the gel

1. The gel was initially run at 50 V for 15-30 minutes and later continued at 100 V.

2. When bromophenol tracking dye had reached the bottom of the separating gel, the power supply was disconnected.

(E) Staining of the gel

1. The gel was carefully removed and incubated in 10% trichloro acetic acid (TCA) for 15 minutes.

2. After that, it was kept in staining solution for 16 hours at room temperature in a big petridish or tray.

(F) Destaining of the gel

1. The gel was destained by soaking it in destaining solution for 10-16 hours changing the destaining solution three or four times.

2. The destained gels were finally photographed. Diagramatic sketch of protein banding pattern (zymograms) were also made.

The protein bands were recorded on transparent sheets and were also photographed on trans-illuminator. Rm values of each band were calculated as the migration of protein band relative to the bromophenol marker dye movement. Diagrammatic sketch of protein banding pattern (zymograms) were also made by calculating the Rm value.

Rm = Distance moved by the protein

Distance travelled by the tracking dye

Observations and Results

Results are presented in Table 3 and Plate-1, Figure 1.

Table 3: Rm values of protein fraction analysed by SDS-PAGE in Citrullus Colocynthis (linn.) Schrad. in vivo and in vitro.

Protein bands Leaf Stem Fruit Root Callus Differentiating callus
1 0.31 0.32 0.33 0.38 0.36 0.37
2 - - - - 0.41 0.42
3 0.53 0.53 0.55 0.55 0.51 0.52
4 0.88 0.88 0.89 0.91 0.83 0.83
5 - - - - 0.93 0.95
Figure

Figure 1. Plate-1

Differential banding pattern was observed in in vivo (leaf, stem, fruit and root) and in vitro (callus and differentiating callus) samples. In vivo samples (leaf, stem, fruit, and root) showed three bands while in vitro samples showed five bands. Variation in Rm value of these bands was marginal in all samples. Rm value of first upper band showed marginal variation in all samples (Rm value of leaf=0.31, stem=0.32, fruit=0.33, root=0.38, callus=0.36 and differentiating callus=0.37). In callus and differentiating callus, two bands was unique (Rm value of callus=0.41, 0.93 and Rm value of differentiating callus=0.42, 0.95).

Protein band with Rm value 0.53 was common in leaf and stem; and Rm value 0.55 was common in fruit and root but this band was different in callus (Rm value=0.51) and differentiating callus (Rm value=0.52). In callus and differentiating callus, protein band with Rm value 0.83 was common and Rm value 0.88 was common in leaf and stem but this band was different in root (Rm value=0.91) and fruit (Rm value=0.89).

Variation in intensity of protein bands was also observed. Differentiating callus showed three intense and two moderate bands while callus showed three intense bands and two faint bands. Fruit showed three intense bands while stem showed one intense, two moderate bands. Root showed two faint bands and one moderate band as compared to leaf (three faint bands).

Discussion

Proteins are most abundant intracellular macromolecules and constitute over half the dry weight of most organisms. Proteins occupy a central position in the architecture and functioning of living matter. They are intimately connected with all phases of chemical and physical activity, that constitute the life of the cell. Protein contents have been estimated in various medicinal plant species by various workers such as Morus alba and Psoralea corylifolia (Singh, 2004); Bacopa monnieri (Mohapatra & Rath, 2005); Boerhaavia diffusa (Sharma, 2006); Balanities aegyptiaca (Bidawat, 2006); Berberis lyceum, Foeniculum vulgare and Justicia adhatoda (Uma et al., 2006).

Variation in protein content is also considered as an important biochemical event during growth and differentiation of cells (Audichya, 1999). In the present studies, among all the samples (in vivo and in vitro) tested, leaf showed higher protein level followed by fruit, root, stem, callus and differentiating callus. Similar to this Vijayvergia & Kumar (2007) reported maximum protein in leaf of Nerium indicum as compared to other intact plant parts. Similar findings were also reported by Arya (2007) in Pluchea lanceolata.

During the studies, it was found that protein content reduced during differentiation of shoots from callus. Similar results were obtained by Singh (2004) during callus differentiation of Morus alba and P. corylifolia. This reduction may be either due to effects of activity of other enzymes and the low level of storage protein contents (Jasrai et al., 1987) or the exogenous level of hormones supplied (Hasegawa et al., 1979). Contradictory to this, Kumar et al. (2007) reported higher level of proteins in differentiating callus as compared to callus.

Gel electrophoresis is a useful tool for characterizations of plant proteins. The recognitions of protein using electrophoresis is necessary and valuable for taxonomic studies in plants, animals, microorganisms and the viroids (Van den Berg, 2002). This technique has been widely used to study the protein diversity in many plant species i.e. Triticum aestivum (Stoddard and Marshall, 2005); Commiphora wightii (Soni, 2005); Glycine max (Xu et al., 2006); Oryza sativa (Nozu et al., 2006) and Arabidopsis (Schlesier & Mock, 2006). In the present study, differential banding pattern of protein in all in vivo (leaf, stem, fruit and root) and in vitro (callus and differentiating callus) samples was observed. In vivo samples (leaf, stem, fruit, and root) showed three bands while in vitro (callus and differentiating callus) samples showed five bands. Rm value of first upper band showed marginal variation in all samples (leaf, stem, fruit, root, callus and differentiating callus). Similarly Singh (2004) found higher number of protein bands in in vitro tissue of Morus alba and Psoralea corylifolia as compared to their in vitro tissue. Presence of more protein bands in callus and differentiating callus can be considered as a biochemical marker for callus and shoot bud initiation in this plant.

Conclusions

Differential banding pattern for protein in Citrullus Colocynthis (Linn.) Schrad. in all in vivo (leaf, stem, fruit and root) and in vitro (callus and differentiating callus) samples was observed. In vivo samples (leaf, stem, fruit and root) showed three bands while in vitro (callus and differentiating callus) samples showed five bands. Variation in intensity of protein bands was also observed in all samples. Fruit and in vitro samples showed more intense banding pattern. Rm value of first upper band showed marginal variation in all samples (leaf, stem, fruit, root, callus and differentiating callus).

References

  1. Alba E, De-Caulo GBD, & Mincione A(2001). Electrophoretic phenotypes of different enzymes in some entries of Lathyrus sativus L. Lathyrism. Newslett. 2:15-20.
  2. Arrel SM, & Kalman F(2016). Estimation of protein concentration at high sensitivity using SDS-capillary gel electrophoresis-laser induced fluorescence detection with 3-(2-furoyl)quinoline-2- carboxaldehyde protein labeling. Electrophoresis. 37(22): 2913- 2921.
  3. Arya D(2007). In vitro propagation and biochemical studies in Pluchea lanceolata Oliver & Hiern: In important medicinal plant. Ph.D. Thesis, University of Rajasthan, Jaipur, India.
  4. Audichya M(1999): Regeneration studies on oil containing seed through tissue culture. Ph.D. Thesis, University of Rajasthan, Jaipur.
  5. Azeez MA, & Morakinyo JA(2004). Electrophoretic characterization of crude leaf proteins in Lycopersicon and Trichosanthes cultivars. African J. Biotech. 3(11): 585-587.
  6. Batra J, Curn V, Davis J(2003). Study of chemical variability of potato cultivars by soluble protein, isoesterase and isoperoxidase electrophoretic patterns. Plant Soil Environ. 49(5): 230-36.
  7. Bidawat S(2006). Evaluation of Balanites aegyptiaca (Hingota) an arid zone medicinal plant for phytochemically important metabolites. Ph.D. Thesis, M.D.S. University, Ajmer, India.
  8. Cherry JP, & Ory RT(1972). Electrophoresis of 6 selected enzymes of Peanut cultivars. Phytochem. 12:283-289.
  9. Chevalier F, Rofidal V, & Rossiqnol M(2007). Visible and fluorescent staining of two dimensional gels. Methods Mol. Biol. 355:145-56.
  10. Goodenough U(1978). Genetics Holt, Rinehart and Winston, Inc. (Second edition), Great Britain, 748.
  11. Gottlieb LD(1971). Gel electrophoresis: New approach to the study of evolution. Bioscience. 22: 393-944.
  12. Hasegawa PM, Yasuda T, & Cheng TY(1979). Effect of auxin and cytokinin on newly synthesized proteins of cultured Douglas fir cotyledons. Physiol. Plant. 46: 211-217.
  13. Heinemeyer J, Lewejohann D, & Braun HP(2007). Blue native gel electrophoresis, the characterization of protein complexes in plants. Methods Mol. Biol. 355: 343-52.
  14. Jasrai YT, Bhatt PN, & Mehta AR(1987). Changes in contents of macromolecules during epiphyllous bud regeneration in Kalanchol mortagei. Cell. Chrom. Res. 10: 2-3.
  15. Kumar A, Singh R, & Goyal SC(2007). Shoot differentiation and correlated changes in some biochemicals in callus cultures of Cardiospermum halicacabum L. In: Abstract Vol. of XXX. All India Botanical Conference, Nov. 28-30, Jiwaji University, Gwalior, 168.
  16. Laemmli (1970). Cleavage of structural proteins during the assembly of the head of bacteriphage T4. Nature. 22: 680.
  17. Mohapatra HP, & Rath SP(2005). In vitro studies of Bacopa monnieri â?? an important medicinal plant with reference to its biochemical variations. Indian J. Exp. Biol. 43(4): 373-376.
  18. Neto NBM, Custodio CC, & Pal AG(2002). Brachiaria access germplasm distinction using SDS-PAGE. Acta Scientiarum. 24(5): 1439-1445.
  19. Nozu Y, Tsuquita A, & Kamijo K(2006). Proteomic analysis of rice leaf, stem and root tissues during growth course. Proteomics. 6(12): 3665-70.
  20. Sardana J(1998). In vitro studies on growth and morphogenesis of some oil containing plant species through tissue culture. Ph.D. Thesis, University of Rajasthan, Jaipur.
  21. Schlesier B, & Mock HP(2006). Protein isolation and second dimension electrophoretic separation. Methods Mol Biol. 323: 381-91.
  22. Sharma A(2006). In vitro morphogenetic regulation of Boerhaavia diffusa. Ph.D. Thesis, University of Rajasthan, Jaipur.
  23. Singh SK(2004). Studies on morphogenesis in tissue culture of some economically important plants. Ph.D. Thesis, University of Rajasthan, Jaipur.
  24. Soni V(2005). Morphogenetic, biochemical and physiological studies in Commiphora wightii. Ph.D. Thesis, University of Rajasthan, Jaipur.
  25. Stoddard FL, & Marshall DR(2005). Variability in grain protein in Australian hexaploid wheats. Aust. J. Agri. Res. 41(2): 277-288.
  26. Tomer P, Chaturvedi GC, Minakshi MP, & Monga DP(2002). Comparative analysis of the outer membrane protein profiles of isolates of the Pasteurella multocida associated with Haemorrhagic septicaemia. Vet. Res. Commun. 26(7): 513-22.
  27. Uma V, Kanoogo N, & Tikku S(2006). Extraction and purification of various organic compounds in selected medicinal plants from Rajasthan. In: Proc. of International Conference Bot. Expo. 25- 27 March, Jaipur, 294-296.
  28. Van den Berg C(2002). A phylogenetic analysis of Laelinae (Orchidaceae) based on a sequence data from internal transcribed spacers (ITS) of nuclear ribosomal DNA. Lindleyana. 15: 96-144.
  29. Vijayvergia R, & Kumar J(2007). Quantifiation of primary metablites of Nerium indicum Mill. Asian Journal of Experimental Science. 21: 123-128.
  30. Weber K, & Osborn M(1969). The reliability of molecular weight determination by dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. J. Biochem. 244: 4406-4412.
  31. Xu C, Garrett WM, Sullivan J, Caperna TJ, & Natarajan S(2006). Separation and identification of soybean leaf proteins by two- dimensional gel electrophoresis and mass spectrometry. Phytochemistry. 67(22): 2437-40.