In the context of our current knowledge and understanding of key aspects of immune function and microbial interactions with the host, a collection of in-depth reviews in this issue of Immunity summarizes needs, opportunities, and obstacles to the development of new vaccines. Using a systems-level, multiplexed approach to the analysis of the human immune system can complement traditional, highly focused research efforts to accelerate our progress toward this goal and the improvement of human health. The purpose of this Perspective is to provide a broad overview that discusses our current limitations in designing effective novel vaccines for diseases that typically do not typically induce robust resistance in infected individuals.
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